IELTS Reading Practice – Sample 12

Questions

Look at the following ideas (Questions 1-4) and the list of countries below.

Match each idea with the correct country, A-F.

      1.  This population reflects government intervention.

      2.  This population reflects the loss of males during the Second World War.

      3.  This country has a very young population.

      4.  Most of the population of this country is over childbearing age.

Populations pyramids: Powerful predictors of the future

Russia, with the largest territory in the world, has roughly the same total population as Nigeria, a country 1/16 its size. But this similarity won't last long. One of the populations is rapidly growing, while the other is slowly declining. What can this tell us about the two countries?

Population statistics are some of the most important data social scientists and policy experts have to work with. But understanding a country's situation and making accurate predictions requires knowing not just the total size of the population but its internal characteristics, such as age and gender distribution. So, how can we keep track of all that data in a way that makes it easy to comprehend?

Complex data is more easily interpreted through visualisation and one of the ways that demographers represent the internal distribution of a population is the population pyramid. Here, the data is divided by gender with females on one side and males on the other. The population numbers are shown for each five-year age interval, starting from 0-4 and continuing up to 100 and up. These intervals are grouped together into pre-reproductive (0-14), reproductive (15-44), and post-reproductive years (45 and up).

Such a population pyramid can be a powerful predictor of future population trends. For example, Rwanda's population pyramid shows it to be a fast-growing country, with most of the population being in the youngest age groups at the bottom of the pyramid. The number will grow rapidly in the coming years. As today's children reach their reproductive years and have children of their own, the total population is almost certain to double within the next few decades.

For our second example, let's look at Canada where most of the population is clustered around the middle of the graph. Because there are fewer people in the pre-reproductive age groups than there are in the reproductive ones, the population will grow more slowly, as the number of people reaching their reproductive years’ decreases.

Finally, let's look at Japan. Because the majority of its population is in its post-reproductive years and the number of people is smaller at each younger interval, this means that at current rates of reproduction the population will begin to decline as fewer and fewer people reach reproductive age. Comparing these three population pyramids side by side shows us three different stages in a demographic transition as a country moves from a pre-industrial society to one with an industrial or post-industrial economy.

Countries that have only recently begun the process of industrialisation typically see an increase in life expectancy and a fall in child mortality rates as a result of improvements in medicine, sanitation and food supply. Birth rates remain constant, leading to a population boom. Developing countries that are farther along in the industrialisation process begin to see a fall in birth rates due to factors such as increased education and opportunities for women outside of child-rearing and a move from rural to urban living that makes having large families less economically advantageous. Finally, countries in advanced stages of industrialisation reach a point where both birth and death rates are low and the population remains stable or even begins to decline.

Now, let's consider the projected population pyramids for the same three countries in 2050. What do these tell us about the expected changes in each country's population and what kinds of factors can alter the shape of these future pyramids? A population pyramid can be useful not only as a predictor of a country's future but as a record of its past. Russia's population pyramid still bears the scars of World War II, which explains both the fewer numbers of elderly men compared to elderly women and the relatively sudden population increase as soldiers returned from the war and normal life resumed.

China's population pyramid reflects the establishment of the one-child policy 35 years before, which prevented a population boom such as that of Rwanda. However, it also led to sex-selective abortions, resulting in more male children than female children.

Finally, the pyramid for the United States shows the baby boom that followed World War II. The population pyramids tell us far more about a country than just a set of numbers by showing both where it's been and where it's headed within a single image. And in today's increasingly interconnected world, facing issues such as food shortages, ecological threats, and economic disparities, it is increasingly important for both scientists and policymakers to have a rich and complex understanding of populations and the factors affecting them.

Source: TED Ed. Written by Kim Preshoff.

   1 B  China

   2 E  Russia

   3 C  Rwanda

   4 A  Japan

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